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In the field of statistics, the collection of data is fundamental to understanding the characteristics of a population and making informed decisions. Two primary approaches to data collection are the census and the sample survey. While both methods aim to gather information, they differ significantly in terms of scope, cost, time, and methodology. A census involves the collection of data from every unit within the population, providing complete information without the need for estimation. It is exhaustive and gives a precise picture of the entire population. However, conducting a census is often time-consuming, expensive, and logistically challenging, especially when the population size is very large. On the other hand, a sample survey involves collecting data from a subset or sample of the population, which is selected in such a way that it represents the population adequately. Sample surveys are generally less expensive, faster, and easier to manage, though they rely on statistical techniques to make inferences about the population from the sample data, and therefore include an element of sampling error. The distinction between a census and a sample survey can be summarized in several aspects. In terms of coverage, a census is universal, including every individual or unit, whereas a sample survey covers only a part of the population. In terms of cost and resources, a census is more resource-intensive and requires a larger workforce, while a sample survey is cost-effective and requires fewer resources. In terms of timeliness, a census often takes longer to complete, whereas _________ _____ _________ __________ ________ ____ _______ _____.
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