Discuss various theories of origin of untouchability.

Untouchability, the system that relegates certain individuals or groups to a status of social exclusion and degradation, has deep historical roots in the social and cultural fabric of many societies, especially in the Indian subcontinent. In the context of Tribal and Dalit philosophy, the theories of the origin of untouchability are multifaceted, drawing from historical, social, and religious factors. These theories attempt to explain why certain groups have been marginalized, relegated to a lower social status, and subjected to exclusionary practices. The origin of untouchability can be viewed through different lenses, including religious, economic, political, and racial perspectives. Below are some of the major theories regarding the origin of untouchability, particularly in the context of Dalit and Tribal communities in India.

### 1. Religious and Scriptural Theory

One of the most widely discussed theories is the religious or scriptural theory, which is rooted in Hindu religious texts, particularly the Manusmriti. According to this theory, untouchability has its origins in the hierarchical caste system outlined in ancient Hindu scriptures. The Manusmriti, a key text in Hindu dharma, categorizes society into four varnas or classes: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and traders), and Shudras (laborers and service providers). 

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