Discuss various phases of Indian anthropology?. 

Indian anthropology has evolved significantly over time, shaped by the country's diverse social, cultural, and political landscape. The development of anthropology in India can be divided into several distinct phases, each characterized by different approaches, methodologies, and intellectual influences. These phases reflect the changing nature of anthropology as it interacted with colonialism, nationalism, and the quest for an understanding of Indian society. Broadly, the phases of Indian anthropology can be categorized into the colonial phase, the post-independence phase, the contemporary phase, and the emergence of critical and applied anthropology.

The Colonial Phase (Late 19th Century - Early 20th Century)

The earliest phase of Indian anthropology was largely influenced by the British colonial presence in India. Anthropology, in this context, was not an indigenous discipline but rather a tool for colonial administration and control. British anthropologists sought to classify and understand the "native" population of India in terms of race, ethnicity, and culture, often with the aim of justifying colonial rule and creating a hierarchical structure of societies.

During this phase, anthropology in India was largely descriptive and theoretical, following the framework laid out by European scholars. The focus was on ethnographic surveys and the cataloging of different tribes, castes, and communities. The colonial government sponsored many anthropological studies, but these were typically conducted by Europeans who viewed Indian societies through the lens of Western theories. Key figures in this period include Sir Herbert Hope Risley, who played a prominent _________ ________ ________ _______ ______ ____ ___ _________ __________ ____ _____ ______.
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