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Social policy refers to a set of principles, guidelines, and interventions designed to improve the welfare of society and address issues such as poverty, inequality, healthcare, education, and social security. Around the globe, various models of social policy have emerged, shaped by political ideologies, economic systems, cultural values, and historical trajectories. These models represent different approaches to balancing state responsibility, market mechanisms, and individual rights in delivering welfare provisions. Each model reflects a particular vision of social justice and human development, influencing how societies respond to social risks and promote collective well-being. Understanding these models provides a comprehensive view of the diverse ways in which nations seek to achieve social development. One of the most influential frameworks for categorizing social policy is Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s typology of welfare regimes. He identifies three major models: the liberal, conservative-corporatist, and social democratic. The liberal model, also known as the residual welfare model, is characterized by minimal state intervention, means-tested assistance, and a heavy reliance on market forces. In this model, social policy is designed to provide support only to those who cannot manage through the market or family. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom are representative examples. The liberal model emphasizes individual responsibility, and welfare benefits tend to be modest and targeted to prevent dependency. Critics argue that this model often leads to higher levels of inequality and social exclusion, as access to welfare is restricted and benefits are stigmatized. The conservative or corporatist model, often seen in continental Europe—Germany, France, Italy, and Austria—is built on the principle of preserving status and social order. This model emphasizes the role of the family, the church, and occupational groups in providing welfare. Benefits are often earnings-related, reinforcing existing class _____ ____ _____ __________ ____ __________.
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