Discuss various managerial functions that are basic and common to all organisations.

Management theory identifies several fundamental managerial functions that are essential and common to all organizations, regardless of their size, industry, or structure. These functions provide a framework for managers to effectively plan, organize, lead, and control organizational activities. The following are key managerial functions widely recognized in management theory:

1. Planning:
   Planning is the initial and fundamental managerial function involving the formulation of objectives, goals, and strategies to achieve organizational success. Managers engage in short-term and long-term planning, assessing the current situation, and forecasting future trends. The planning process establishes a ___ ____ _________ __________ __________ ________.
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