Discuss various issues in the study of personality

T. Widiger presents three well-known ways of conceptualizing the relationship between personality and psychopathology. First, a pathoplastic relationship indicates that each may have an influence on the presentation or manifestation of the other. When personality features and psychopathology co-occur within the same person, the resulting clinical picture will look different than cases of these personality traits or of this vein of psychopathology appearing in isolation. A second form of relationship is a spectrum relationship. Here, certain personality traits and forms of psychopathology are viewed as existing on the same spectrum of functioning. A dimension of functioning may exist in which personality traits “bleed into” psychopathology as we move along a dimension in the direction of dysfunction. Finally, personality and psychopathology may be causally related to each other.

Despite years of research attempting to disentangle and elucidate the nature of the relationship between personality and psychopathology, this remains a challenging task. As a starting point, one must demonstrate a relationship between personality and psychopathology. The observation that personality traits and psychopathology co-occur frequently within individuals raises multiple possibilities .. First, the association between certain personality traits and certain forms of psychopathology may be artifactual because of measurement or design confounds. For example, substance use problems are considered to be one example of personality trait _________ __________ _______ _____ ___ ___ _______ _______.
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