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The concept of civilization, in archaeological anthropology, is typically defined by a set of distinctive features such as urbanism, social stratification, centralized authority, economic specialization, writing systems, monumental architecture, and long-distance trade. The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE in what is today Pakistan and northwest India, exemplifies many of these traits. Through the lens of archaeological anthropology, particularly its theoretical frameworks, we can better understand how Harappan society meets and expands upon the definition of civilization. Urban Planning and City Structure One of the most striking features of the Harappan culture is its highly developed urban planning. Archaeological anthropology views the emergence of urban centers as a critical marker of civilization. Sites such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan reveal advanced city layouts with a grid-based system, a sophisticated drainage network, standardized baked bricks, and public and private spaces carefully demarcated. The presence of granaries, bathing platforms (such as the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro), and citadels reflect a high level of civic organization and planning. From a theoretical standpoint, the development of urban centers can be associated with neo-evolutionary models that link increased social complexity with urbanization. V. Gordon Childe’s “Urban Revolution” model, for instance, suggests that the emergence of cities indicates a radical shift in social, political, and economic life. The Harappan cities support this view, given their evidence for centralized planning and infrastructure, indicative of a governing body or administrative elite overseeing city management. Economic Specialization and Craft Production Another hallmark of civilization, as recognized in archaeological anthropology, is economic specialization. The Harappans demonstrate this clearly. Excavations reveal workshops for bead-making, pottery, metallurgy, and shell and ivory carving. Sites like Lothal show dockyards and storage areas linked to trade. The presence of standardized weights and measures further underlines the systematic and organized nature of Harappan trade and economy. From a theoretical perspective, functionalist approaches ______ ___ ____ ________ ______ ________ ____ _________ _________ __________.
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