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Ethnic identity in India is a complex and multi-layered phenomenon, shaped by historical, cultural, linguistic, religious, and regional factors. Ethnicity refers to a sense of shared identity among a group of people who perceive themselves as distinct from others based on common ancestry, cultural practices, language, religion, or historical experiences. In the Indian context, ethnic identities are often intertwined with social hierarchies, regional affiliations, and political mobilization, which makes the study of ethnic assertion particularly significant in understanding contemporary social and political dynamics. One of the primary forms of ethnic identity in India is linguistic identity. India is home to a vast number of languages and dialects, and language has historically been a strong marker of group identity. The reorganization of states in the 1950s along linguistic lines is an example of how linguistic identity has been formally recognized. For instance, the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 for Telugu-speaking people and Tamil Nadu for Tamil speakers highlighted the role of language as an ethnic identity marker. Linguistic identity often intersects with political assertion, as seen in the demand for the creation of Telangana from Andhra Pradesh in 2014. This movement was rooted in regional and cultural distinctiveness as well as perceived economic and political marginalization. Another significant form of ethnic identity is religious and sectarian identity. Religion is a powerful basis for communal consciousness and mobilization in India. Religious groups often define themselves not only through shared beliefs and rituals but also through historical experiences of marginalization or domination. The assertion of religious identity has ______ _________ ______ ________ ____ _________ ___ __________ ______ ___ _______ _______.
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