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R is a versatile programming language widely used in statistics, data analysis, and increasingly in digital image processing (DIP) due to its rich ecosystem of packages and functions that facilitate image manipulation, transformation, and visualization. In the context of image transformation, R provides tools to perform operations such as geometric transformations, intensity adjustments, filtering, and color space conversions, which are essential in enhancing and analyzing digital images. One of the fundamental image transformations in R is geometric transformation, which involves changing the _______ _______ _________ ________ _________ ____.
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