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After independence, India recognized that the growth of the nation could not be achieved without the development of its villages, where the majority of the population resided. Rural development became a central concern in national planning, aiming to remove poverty, improve living standards, generate employment, and provide access to essential services. The approach has evolved from community-based experiments to structured programs, integrated development schemes, and now holistic models aligned with sustainable development goals. Several steps and initiatives were taken to bring transformation in rural areas across sectors such as agriculture, infrastructure, education, health, employment, and governance. The first major step toward rural development was the Community Development Programme (1952), considered a landmark experiment in planned development. It aimed at overall village upliftment by promoting agriculture, irrigation, rural industries, education, health, and housing. Though ambitious, it faced challenges of weak implementation, inadequate participation of villagers, and limited resources. To supplement this, the National Extension Service was launched in 1953 to ensure that development efforts reached grassroots levels with the involvement of extension workers. These programs marked the beginning of the government’s direct intervention in rural areas. During the 1960s, rural development gained momentum with the introduction of targeted schemes, particularly in agriculture. The Green Revolution in the mid-1960s brought significant improvements in agricultural productivity, especially in wheat and rice. Introduction of high-yield variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and mechanization not only improved food security but also enhanced rural incomes in some regions. However, it created regional imbalances and widened socio-economic inequalities, as benefits were concentrated among large farmers in resource-rich areas. Recognizing this, the government introduced special programs like the Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) and Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) to maximize productivity in select areas and ensure focused attention. ____ _____ _______ ________ ___ _____ ____ ______.
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