Discuss the significance of the 73^rd and 74^th Constitutional Amendments in Indian democracy.

The state governments effectively enjoyed power in the holding of elections to local bodies. The 73rd and 74th amendments take away an option that the state government previously had though it chose not to exercise it. And in politics, as in finance, options have value even if not ultimately exercised.

Until the passage of the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments, the states were the only sub- national units officially recognized by the Indian constitution. And the constitution grants individual states considerable legislative autonomy.

Schedule Seven of the Constitution explicitly demarcates the respective legislative domains of the state legislatures and the national parliament. The functional areas over which the national parliament has exclusive domain are specified in List I, also called the "Union List".

Items on this list include among other things, defense, foreign affairs, currency, income taxes, inter-state commerce, and key infrastructure. On the other hand, state legislatures have exclusive authority to enact legislation dealing with the items in List II, known as the "State List".

Included in this list are items such as law and order, public health, agriculture, wealth taxes, land tenure and land reforms, and most notably in the current context, functions of local governments.

List III, the "Concurrent List" includes items such as electricity, newspapers, education, price controls, etc., over which the national parliament and the state legislatures share jurisdiction.

The legislative origins of the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments date back to the Constitution (64th Amendment) Bill, which was introduced in the parliament in July 1989. The introduction of this bill represented the first attempt to confer constitutional status on rural local governments.

Though the bill's broader aim of revitalizing rural local government was greeted favorably, some of the details were criticized and the bill was ultimately defeated in the Rajya Sabha. It is worth noting that the main criticism _________ _____ ___ _____ ________ ___.
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