Word Count : 243

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Phase transfer catalysis (PTC) plays a crucial role in enhancing the rate and efficiency of nucleophilic substitution reactions, especially when the reactants exist in two immiscible phases, typically an organic phase and an aqueous phase. In conventional conditions, nucleophiles such as hydroxide ions, cyanide ions, or halides are generally soluble in the aqueous phase but poorly soluble in organic solvents, _______ ________ ________ ______ ___ _______ ________.
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