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Buffers in pharmacy play a crucial role in maintaining the stability, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical preparations by resisting changes in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are added. In the context of clinical trials and epidemiology, buffer systems are essential for ensuring consistency of drug formulations used across study populations, thereby reducing variability in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses. Many drugs are either weak acids or weak _________ ________ ____ _____ __________ __________ _____.
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