Discuss the revival of commerce and trade in the early medieval period

The revival of commerce and trade in the early medieval period of India, which spans roughly from the 6th to the 12th centuries, was influenced by several factors, including the political stability provided by regional kingdoms, the rise of new trade routes, the development of urban centers, and the growth of agricultural surplus. This period marked a shift from the decline of trade during the earlier post-Gupta phase to the flourishing of regional and international commerce by the 9th century.

One of the primary factors behind the revival of trade during this period was the establishment of strong regional kingdoms, such as the Chalukyas, Pallavas, Rashtrakutas, and Cholas in the south, and the Pratiharas, Palas, and Chahamanas in the north. These kingdoms created a stable political environment conducive to trade. The protection and patronage ____ ___ __________ ________ _________ __________ _________ ___ _____ ______ ________.
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