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The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) and the Quit India Movement (1942) were two pivotal mass struggles in the Indian National Movement. These movements not only mobilized the middle classes and peasants but also significantly impacted the Indian working class. Workers’ responses during these phases reflected their growing political consciousness, their understanding of colonial exploitation, and their evolving relationship with the broader nationalist agenda. The role of industrial workers, although less highlighted than that of peasants or political leaders, was crucial in determining the effectiveness and reach of these nationalist movements. ### Response of Workers to the Civil Disobedience Movement The Civil Disobedience Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, marked a new phase of mass agitation against British colonial rule. The movement’s central strategy was the defiance of British laws, especially the salt laws, but it grew to include boycotts of British goods, refusal to pay taxes, and mass resignations from government jobs. #### Initial Hesitancy and Constraints Initially, the industrial working class displayed a somewhat hesitant response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. There were several reasons for this cautious approach. The Indian National Congress, under Gandhi’s leadership, had historically focused on non-violence and often discouraged class struggle or violent confrontation. The Congress aimed at unifying diverse social classes under a common anti-colonial umbrella, which led to the downplaying of class-specific issues such as low wages, long working hours, and poor working conditions. Moreover, the presence of a strong and growing communist influence within trade unions in urban centers like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras complicated matters. Communist leaders, who __________ ___ ___ ______ ________ ___ ____.
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