Discuss the optical properties of minerals studied under plain polarised light

The optical properties of minerals studied under plain polarised light are one of the primary tools used by mineralogists to identify and characterise minerals. By examining the interaction of light with a mineral, we can learn a great deal about its composition, structure, and physical properties. In this context, plain polarised light refers to light that has been polarised in a single plane, and that is transmitted through the mineral using a polarising microscope.

One of the key optical properties that can be studied under plain polarised light is birefringence. Birefringence is a measure of the difference in the refractive indices of a mineral for light travelling in different directions. When light enters a birefringent mineral, it splits into two rays that travel at different speeds and are bent at different angles. The result of this is that the mineral appears to have two ______ _______ ________ __________ _________ ______.
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