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The modernization theory of development emerged in the mid-twentieth century as a dominant paradigm for understanding how societies progress from traditional to modern forms. Rooted in social sciences, particularly sociology and political science, it sought to explain the processes through which underdeveloped or developing countries could achieve economic growth, political stability, and social transformation. Modernization theorists believed that development was a linear, universal process through which societies evolve in predictable stages, often modeled after the historical trajectory of Western nations. The theory was particularly influential during the post-World War II period when decolonization was giving rise to new nations, and there was a strong interest in shaping their developmental paths. At the core of modernization theory lies the belief that traditional societies are bound by customs, kinship ties, religion, and subsistence economies that restrict innovation, economic dynamism, and social mobility. Such societies are characterized by a lack of industrialization, limited technological advancement, and hierarchical social structures. In contrast, modern societies are viewed as industrial, urbanized, secular, and based on rational-legal authority. They emphasize individual achievement, meritocracy, innovation, and economic specialization. According to modernization theory, development means transitioning from traditional structures to modern ones by adopting values, practices, and institutions associated with the industrialized ________ ____ _______ ______ ________ ________ ________.
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