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The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2600 to 1900 BCE, exhibited a highly advanced and distinctive material culture, reflecting the socio-economic, technological, and aesthetic developments of its time. Its material characteristics encompass urban planning, architecture, craft production, trade, and everyday utilitarian items, revealing a sophisticated and organized society. One of the most striking material characteristics of the Harappan Civilization was its urban planning. Cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, and Lothal were laid out systematically, often on a grid pattern, demonstrating careful planning and centralized control. The streets were broad, intersecting at right angles, and were flanked by well-constructed houses and public buildings. The use of baked bricks of standard dimensions for construction was widespread, indicating advanced brick-making techniques and uniformity across settlements. Drainage and water supply systems were highly developed, with covered drains running alongside streets and connected to individual houses, showing an understanding of sanitation and public health. The architecture of the Harappans also displayed distinctive features. Houses typically had flat roofs, courtyards, and multiple rooms, reflecting both functionality and privacy. ___ _____ ___ _________ ____ _____ ____ _____.
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