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The early medieval period in India, roughly spanning from the 6th to the 12th century A.D., witnessed significant changes in agrarian relations that shaped the social, political, and economic structure of the subcontinent. This was the era following the decline of the Gupta Empire and saw the emergence of regional kingdoms, the rise of landed intermediaries, and the gradual crystallization of a feudal order. Agrarian relations in this period were marked by the increasing dependence of the peasantry on landlords and the emergence of a hierarchical rural society. One of the most prominent features of this period was the growing prevalence of land grants. Rulers frequently donated land to Brahmanas, religious institutions, and officials as a means of rewarding loyalty, ensuring religious merit, and consolidating political control. These grants, often recorded on copper plates, included not only land but also rights over the peasants living in the donated territory. The grantees were authorized to collect revenue, exercise administrative and judicial authority, and in many cases enjoy exemptions from royal interference. This practice led to the gradual transfer of rights from the state to local landlords and intermediaries, weakening the direct relationship _______ ___ _________ _____ _________.
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