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Poverty and environmental degradation are deeply interlinked phenomena that manifest most severely within fragile ecosystems. Fragile ecosystems such as arid lands, coastal zones, mountainous terrains, tropical forests, and wetlands are highly vulnerable to ecological imbalances and human-induced pressures. The populations inhabiting these regions are often economically marginalized, with limited access to resources, education, healthcare, and sustainable livelihood opportunities. The interconnections between poverty and environmental degradation in such ecosystems reveal a cycle of vulnerability in which poverty drives unsustainable resource exploitation, and environmental decline in turn exacerbates poverty and social marginalization. Poverty leads to an immediate dependence on local ecosystems for survival. Households in fragile ecosystems often rely directly on forests, water sources, fisheries, and agricultural land for food, fuel, fodder, and income. Because of their limited access to capital and technology, these communities extract resources in ways that meet short-term needs but compromise long-term ecological stability. For example, poor farmers practicing shifting cultivation on marginal slopes may clear forests without adequate fallow periods, leading to soil erosion, declining productivity, and biodiversity loss. Similarly, overfishing in coastal ecosystems is driven by the absence of alternative income opportunities, which depletes fish stocks and undermines the livelihoods of future generations. The lack of access to modern energy compels rural households to depend on biomass, which accelerates deforestation and desertification in fragile landscapes. Environmental degradation, in turn, entrenches poverty by eroding the natural resource base upon which the poor depend. Soil _______ __________ ____ ____ __________ ____.
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