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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable and science-based approach to controlling pests that combines biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods in a coordinated way to minimize risks to human health, the environment, and beneficial organisms. In the context of hygiene, sanitation, and waste management, IPM plays a vital role in preventing and controlling pests such as rodents, flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, and other vectors that thrive in poorly managed environments. Unlike traditional chemical control methods that rely heavily on pesticides for immediate results, IPM emphasizes prevention, monitoring, and long-term ecological balance. The core principle of IPM is prevention. In hygiene and sanitation systems, pest problems often arise due to the availability of food, water, and shelter. Improper waste disposal, open garbage dumps, clogged drains, stagnant water, and poor food storage create ideal breeding grounds for pests. IPM addresses these root causes through environmental management. For example, proper segregation of waste, regular garbage collection, sealed waste bins, composting under controlled conditions, and maintaining clean surroundings reduce pest habitats. In urban sanitation systems, ensuring proper drainage and eliminating stagnant water bodies can significantly control mosquito breeding without excessive chemical spraying. Another important component of IPM is monitoring and identification. Effective pest management requires accurate identification of the pest species and assessment of infestation levels. In waste management facilities, regular inspection of storage areas, landfills, and composting sites helps in early detection of pest populations. Monitoring tools such as traps, ______ ________ ______ ________ ____ ____ ______ ______ _________.
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