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Urban poverty is a multidimensional problem characterized by inadequate income, unemployment, insecure housing, poor access to basic services, lack of education and healthcare, and social exclusion. Rapid urbanization, migration, and the expansion of informal settlements have increased the complexity of urban poverty in India. Recognizing these challenges, the Government of India has introduced several policies, schemes, and institutional reforms aimed at improving the living conditions and livelihoods of the urban poor. One of the most significant initiatives is the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM), launched in 2013. The mission aims to reduce urban poverty by promoting sustainable livelihoods through skill development, self-employment, wage employment, and financial inclusion. It encourages the formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), provides access to affordable credit, and supports micro-enterprises. The mission also focuses on organizing urban street vendors and strengthening community institutions to enable the poor to participate actively in local governance and development. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana–Urban (PMAY-U), launched in 2015, addresses the housing needs ____ ________ ___ ______ ________ ____ _______ __________.
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