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Prenatal environmental factors play a significant role in the biological development of children because the developing foetus is highly sensitive to the conditions prevailing inside and outside the mother’s body. The prenatal period begins at conception and continues until birth, and during this period major physical structures, organs, the nervous system, and other biological functions develop rapidly. Therefore, environmental influences during pregnancy can have lasting effects on a child’s growth and health. Maternal nutrition is one of the most important prenatal environmental factors. Adequate intake of proteins, vitamins, minerals, iron, calcium, folic acid and other nutrients is essential for normal foetal growth. Poor maternal nutrition may result in low birth weight, stunted growth, weak immunity and impaired brain development. For example, insufficient folic acid during early pregnancy increases the risk of neural tube defects such as ________ ________ _____ _____ _________ ______ ______.
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