Discuss the importance of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in Indian democracy.

The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts, 1992

After decades of struggles and half starts, finally, the Congress-led coalition government in 1992 passed the 73rd and 74th Constitution (Amendments) to lay the legal and constitutional foundation for genuine self-governance in India. The 73rd Amendment Act echoed the recommendations of the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee. The 73rd Amendment unveiled three-tier rural institutions: Gram Panchayats at the village level, Panchayat Samitis, and Zilla Parishad at the district level. Further, the act mandated direct and regular elections every five years and a mandatory quota for the SCs and STs. Importantly, the Act mandated one-third of the seats at all levels of panchayats be reserved for women. Apart from recommending the devolution of 29 functions to panchayats, the 73rd Amendment mandated the formation of state finance commissions and provision for grants-in-aid from state governments to PRIs.

Whereas the 74th Amendment Act made provisions for urban local bodies (ULBs) by mandating a three-tier arrangement of ULBs, with Nagar Panchayats in peri-urban areas, Municipal Councils in small towns, and the Municipal Corporations (MCs) in bigger cities/metropolis. Much like the 73rd Amendment, the 74th Amendment enables direct elections every five years at the municipality level, with a mandatory quota for SCs and STs _______ ________ _______ ____ _____ _________ ________ _______ _________.
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