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The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power has transformed the structure and operation of modern power systems. Although these sources offer clean and sustainable alternatives to conventional fossil fuels, they are inherently intermittent and variable in nature. Solar energy is available only during daylight hours and fluctuates with cloud cover, while wind energy depends on unpredictable wind patterns. This variability creates significant challenges in maintaining the balance between electricity supply and demand in the power grid. Energy storage plays a crucial role in addressing these challenges by storing excess energy produced during periods of high generation and supplying it during periods of low generation or high demand, thereby enabling effective integration of renewable energy sources into the grid. One of the most important functions of energy storage is balancing supply and demand. In power systems, electricity generation must continuously match consumption. Renewable energy sources often generate electricity when it is not immediately required. For example, solar photovoltaic systems produce the highest output during midday when electricity demand may be moderate, while demand usually peaks in the evening when solar generation decreases. Energy storage systems store the surplus electricity generated during peak production periods and release it later when demand increases. This capability helps smooth out fluctuations and ensures a _______ _____ ______ _______ ___ ____ ____ _______ ______.
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