Discuss the IHL issues involved in the major conflicts of Afghanistan.

A tùnthmental precept of international humanitarian law is that of civilian imrnunity.’ At all times. it is ftwbidden o direct attacks against civi1ians indeed, to do SO intentionally amounts to a grave breach oÍ humanitaiian law, or a war crime. It is thus an imperative duty lo idenLify and distinguish non-combatants from combatants in evei’ situation and not to rely on inadequate reconnaissance or intelligence. A notable example of inadequate efforts to make this distinction was the NATO bombing of a refugee convoy on the I)jakovica-Decane road in Kosovo during the ¡999 air campaign in the mistaken belief that it was a military convoy.

Non-combatants include soldiers who are wounded or captured or otherwise removed from a combat role: however, regular combatants are still legitimate targets ot’ attack even when “off-duty.” Civilians lose their protected status when they are engaged in hostilities; however, when they return to civilian litè their protection resumes. Political leaders would not be legitimate targets of attack unless their office or direct participation in military ________ ___ _____ __________ __________ ________ ______ __________.
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