Discuss the functions of Electron Transport System-l (ETS-I).

The Electron Transport System-I (ETS-I), also known as Complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), plays a crucial role in cellular respiration. It is the first and one of the largest multi-subunit complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is involved in transferring electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) while simultaneously pumping protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane to generate a proton gradient. This gradient is essential for ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.

One of the primary functions of ETS-I is to facilitate the oxidation of NADH, which is produced during various metabolic pathways like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and fatty acid oxidation. NADH carries high-energy electrons, which are transferred to the ETS via Complex I. This process begins when NADH binds to Complex I, which contains ______ ____ _______ ____ ________.
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