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Library automation in India has evolved significantly with the advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The initial stage of automation began in the late 1970s and early 1980s when computers were introduced in major academic and special libraries for basic administrative tasks such as cataloguing and circulation. During this period, automation was limited due to high costs, lack of technical expertise, and minimal _______ ____ ________ ________ _______ ___ ___ ________.
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