Discuss the ‘effects’ Doctrine and its application in computer crimes with the help of case laws

The ‘Effects’ Doctrine refers to a principle in international law, often applied in the context of cybercrimes, which allows a state to assert jurisdiction over a crime if the alleged act has an effect or consequence within its territory, even if the crime was committed outside its borders. This doctrine is crucial in cyberspace, where activities like hacking, cyber fraud, and data theft can transcend national boundaries, complicating the determination of jurisdiction.

In the traditional model of international law, a state’s jurisdiction was generally confined to acts committed within its own territory. However, in the context of cyberspace, this territorial limitation becomes difficult to enforce. The ‘Effects’ Doctrine helps address this challenge by enabling states to claim jurisdiction over cybercrimes that impact their interests, regardless of where the criminal act _______ _____ _____ ______ _________.
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