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Echinoderms, belonging to the phylum Echinodermata, exhibit remarkable diversity in their larval forms, which play a crucial role in their life cycle and dispersal. Larval forms in echinoderms are generally free-swimming, planktonic, and bilaterally symmetrical, unlike the radially symmetrical adult forms. These larval stages not only facilitate dispersal but also contribute to the development of the adult body plan through metamorphosis. The major larval forms found in echinoderms include bipinnaria, brachiolaria, auricularia, dipleurula, pluteus, and ophiopluteus, each associated with specific classes within the phylum. In Asteroidea, or sea stars, the primary larval form is the bipinnaria. Bipinnaria larvae are bilaterally symmetrical, with ciliated bands that facilitate swimming and ___ ______ ____ ______ _____ ____ ____ _________.
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