Discuss the confederalism and Independence theories of European Integration.

Confederalism and Independence theories are two contrasting perspectives on European integration. While confederalism emphasizes the retention of sovereignty and a loose association of states, independence theories advocate for the establishment of an independent European state. Let's discuss each of these theories in more detail:

1. Confederalism:
Confederalism refers to a model of European integration that emphasizes the retention of sovereignty by individual member states. It involves the creation of a loose association of sovereign states that cooperate on specific issues while retaining control over their internal affairs. The confederalist perspective is often characterized by intergovernmental decision-making, where _______ _____ _________ _________ _____ ____ _______ ________ _________ __________ ______ ___.
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