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The concept of environment in the Indian philosophical tradition is deeply rooted in a holistic worldview that perceives nature and human beings as inseparable and interdependent. Unlike the modern anthropocentric perspective that often views nature as a resource to be exploited, Indian thought emphasizes an ecocentric approach where the environment is sacred, living, and worthy of reverence. The term “environment” in this context encompasses not only the physical surroundings such as land, water, air, flora, and fauna, but also the spiritual and moral dimensions that govern the relationship between humans and nature. Ancient Indian texts such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and epics provide rich insights into environmental consciousness. The Vedas, particularly the Rigveda and Atharvaveda, contain hymns dedicated to natural elements like the earth (Prithvi), water (Apah), fire (Agni), air (Vayu), and space (Akasha), collectively known as the Panchamahabhutas. These elements are not merely physical substances but are regarded as divine entities that sustain life. The Atharvaveda’s Prithvi Sukta, for instance, expresses profound respect for the earth and advocates for its protection and sustainable use. This indicates that environmental conservation was embedded in spiritual practices and ethical conduct. The Upanishadic philosophy further deepens this understanding by emphasizing the unity of all existence. The idea of ________ ___ _____ _______ ___ ______.
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