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Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the integrated process of planning, sourcing, manufacturing, storing, transporting, and delivering goods and services from suppliers to end customers. Its objective is to ensure that the right product reaches the right customer at the right time, place, quantity, and cost. Despite advances in technology and management practices, supply chains face numerous challenges that affect operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and organizational profitability. One of the major challenges is demand uncertainty. Customer preferences change rapidly due to market trends, seasonal variations, and economic conditions. Inaccurate demand forecasting leads to excess inventory, stock shortages, increased storage costs, and lost sales. Organizations must continuously update forecasts using market intelligence and data analytics. Supplier-related issues also present significant challenges. Dependence on a limited number of suppliers increases the risk of supply disruptions caused by financial instability, quality failures, labor disputes, or geopolitical events. Poor supplier performance directly affects production schedules and customer service. Developing reliable supplier relationships and multiple sourcing strategies is therefore essential. Inventory management is another critical challenge. Maintaining excessive inventory ____ ________ _______ ____ _________ _____ _______ _______ _______ ________.
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