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The emergence of information and communication technology (ICT) has been one of the most transformative developments in human history, reshaping societies, economies, and governance structures worldwide. ICT broadly refers to the integration of telecommunications, computers, and digital systems that enable the collection, processing, storage, and dissemination of information. Its origins can be traced back to the innovations of the twentieth century, but its profound influence has accelerated particularly with the rise of digitalization, the internet, and mobile technologies. When examined in the context of e-governance, the rise of ICT provides the very foundation upon which modern governance reforms and citizen-centric services are built. The emergence of ICT can be understood as a gradual process beginning with the early stages of computing in the mid-twentieth century. In the 1940s and 1950s, computers were massive machines, primarily used for military calculations and scientific research. They were expensive, limited in capability, and confined to specialized institutions. However, the development of semiconductors and microprocessors in the 1960s and 1970s revolutionized computing by making devices smaller, faster, and more affordable. The widespread adoption of personal computers in the 1980s marked a critical turning point, as computing moved from research labs into homes, offices, and eventually, public administration systems. Alongside the evolution of computing, the development of telecommunications laid the groundwork for information sharing across distances. Traditional telephony, radio, and television were early forms of ICT, but the advent of digital telecommunications in the latter half of the twentieth century opened new dimensions. The invention of packet-switching technology and the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s, which later evolved into the modern internet, allowed for real-time data sharing and communication between computers globally. This integration of computing power with global networks created a digital ecosystem that gradually gave birth to the information society. The 1990s witnessed the explosion of the internet and the World Wide Web, which transformed ______ ________ ______ ____ _______ _________ _____ __________ ___ ________ ________.
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