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John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that builds on the foundations laid by Jeremy Bentham but introduces important refinements, emphasizing qualitative distinctions in pleasures and the importance of human dignity and higher faculties. According to Mill, the principle of utility, or the "greatest happiness principle," forms the basis of morality. This principle asserts that actions are right insofar as they promote happiness and wrong insofar as they produce the opposite of happiness. Unlike Bentham, who focused primarily on quantifying pleasure in terms of intensity and duration, Mill recognized that human happiness encompasses qualitative aspects and that higher intellectual and moral pleasures are superior to mere physical or sensual gratification. Mill distinguishes between higher and lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are those of the mind, including intellectual, artistic, and moral satisfaction, while lower pleasures are those of bodily or sensory enjoyment. He famously argues that "it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied." This emphasis on qualitative differences reflects Mill’s belief that the moral worth of actions should consider the kind of pleasure or happiness produced, not just its quantity. Thus, Mill’s utilitarianism is often described as a "qualitative utilitarianism," distinguishing it from Bentham’s more "quantitative utilitarianism." Mill’s utilitarianism also recognizes the importance of long-term consequences and social context. He argues that moral rules or maxims that generally promote happiness should be followed, even if in some specific instances, violating them might yield greater immediate pleasure. This allows Mill to reconcile utilitarian principles with moral intuitions about justice, rights, and social duty. He emphasizes the role of education, culture, and societal institutions in cultivating dispositions that promote the general happiness. According to Mill, a society ____ __________ ___ ______ ________ ____ _____ ______ _______ _______ ______.
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