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Industrial and chemical hazards and disasters arise from the production, storage, transportation, and disposal of hazardous substances used in industries such as chemicals, fertilizers, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, mining, and manufacturing. Rapid industrialization, urban expansion, and increasing dependence on complex technologies have significantly increased the frequency and scale of such hazards, making them a critical concern in human geography and disaster management. The causes of industrial and chemical hazards are both technological and human-induced. Poor plant design, aging infrastructure, inadequate maintenance, and malfunctioning safety systems often lead to accidents such as gas leaks, explosions, fires, and toxic releases. Human errors including negligence, lack of training, violation of safety protocols, and improper handling of hazardous materials further aggravate risks. Industrial clustering near densely populated urban areas increases exposure and vulnerability. Natural __________ ________ _____ ___ ________ _____ ____ _______ __________ ___.
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