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Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a community-based approach that enables rural people to analyze their own conditions, identify problems, assess available resources, and plan appropriate development interventions. It emphasizes participation, local knowledge, empowerment, and collective decision-making. PRA methods are widely used in community organization and management because they promote active involvement of community members in every stage of development rather than treating them as passive beneficiaries. Among the various PRA methods, Social Mapping and Seasonal Calendar are highly effective in understanding rural realities and planning community development activities. Social Mapping is a visual tool through which community members prepare a map of their village using locally available materials such as sticks, stones, chalk, or colored powders. The map indicates the location of households, roads, schools, health centres, water sources, religious places, agricultural lands, and common property resources. It also identifies different social groups, caste-wise settlements, economically weaker households, and vulnerable sections such as widows, elderly _________ ________ ____ ______ __________ ______ ________ _________.
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