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Research misconduct refers to actions that violate the accepted ethical and professional standards of research. It involves intentional or reckless behavior that compromises the integrity, reliability, and credibility of research findings. The most widely recognized forms of research misconduct are fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism (FFP). Fabrication means making up data or results that never existed. Falsification involves manipulating research materials, equipment, procedures, or data so that the findings are misleading. Plagiarism is presenting another person's ideas, words, or work as one's own without proper acknowledgment. Other unethical practices include duplicate publication, selective reporting of results, inappropriate authorship, conflicts of interest, and failure to obtain informed consent or ethical approval for studies involving human participants or animals. Responsible research practices, on the other hand, refer to ethical behaviors and professional standards that ensure honesty, transparency, accountability, and respect throughout the research process. These practices include accurate collection and recording of data, proper citation of sources, maintaining confidentiality, ___ ____ __________ _____ _______ _________ _________ ____ _____ __________.
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