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Case control and cohort studies are two fundamental observational study designs used in occupational health and safety to investigate the association between exposures and outcomes, each having distinct characteristics, strengths, and limitations. A case control study is retrospective in nature. It begins with identifying individuals who have the outcome of interest, known as cases, and compares them with individuals who do not have the outcome, called controls. The primary objective is to look backward in time to assess prior exposure to potential risk factors. For example, in an occupational health context, a case control study might investigate the association between prolonged exposure to asbestos and the development of lung cancer among construction workers. Researchers would select workers diagnosed with lung cancer as cases and a comparable group of workers without lung ______ ________ ___ ______ ______ ________.
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