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Émile Durkheim did not consider crime to be entirely pathological in society. Contrary to the common belief that crime is always harmful and abnormal, Durkheim argued that crime is a normal and inevitable social phenomenon present in every society. In his functionalist perspective, crime is not merely a violation of law but a social fact that reflects the moral structure and collective conscience of society. Since no society can achieve complete conformity among all its members, some degree of deviance and crime will always exist. Therefore, Durkheim distinguished between the normal existence of crime and situations where crime reaches excessive levels, which he regarded as pathological. Durkheim's concept of normality is based on statistical prevalence rather than moral judgment. A social fact is considered normal if it is found universally across societies of a particular type and stage of development. Crime has existed in primitive, traditional, and modern _____ __________ _______ __________ ____ __________ __________ ___.
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