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Sex determination is not always governed strictly by genetic mechanisms; in many organisms, environmental factors play a decisive role in determining the sex of an individual. This phenomenon, known as environmental sex determination, demonstrates that sex can be influenced by external conditions experienced during critical periods of development. Such mechanisms are widespread in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, especially reptiles and some fishes, and highlight the interaction between genotype, physiology, and environment. One of the most well-studied forms of environmental sex determination is temperature-dependent sex determination observed in reptiles. In many turtles, crocodiles, and lizards, the incubation temperature of eggs during a sensitive embryonic period determines whether the offspring develop as males or females. For example, in most turtle species, relatively lower incubation temperatures produce males, whereas higher temperatures result in females. In contrast, in crocodilians, intermediate temperatures generally yield males, _______ ________ _____ _________ _____.
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