Describe the variations in urinary systems in vertebrates belonging to different groups.

The vertebrate kidneys themselves are varied in structure; the ducts vary as does the urinary bladder. These variation are due to two major causes: (l) The kidney unlike many organs must Start fiJnctioning at an early Stage Of development in order to remove the metabolic of the rapidly growing embryo. The kidney is however, subject to modification or replacement in the later developmental Stages and adult existence (ii) the gonads (testis and ovary) lie adjacent to the kidneys. These organs specially the testis tend to take over part of the tubes and tubules of the urinary structures as a conducting system for their products. AS a result of this the urinary organs have been markedly modified in most vertebrate groups. In this subsection we will survey the construction and hence normal variations of urinogenital systems in various vertebrate groups.

Agnatha (Cyclostöme) or Jawless Vertebrates

The adult kidney of jawkss vertebrates lamprey (Petryomyzon) is opisthonephros or Mesonephrons andthe tubules are derived from the posterior mesomere. The tubules have lost all connection with the coelomic cavity but form a close association with the glomerular blood vessels at the blind-ended kidney capsule. The absence of connection between kidney tubules and coelom makes it evident that "coelomic fluid filter" was replaced by "blood! filter system" early in vertebrate evolution. This may be because possibly coelomic fluid pressure is too low and variable to keep up with the fluid balance demands of vertebrates which have high metabolic rates.

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