Describe the technique of plant tissue culture and plant genetic engineering.

Plant tissue culture and plant genetic engineering are two important techniques used in modern biotechnology for the propagation, improvement, and genetic modification of plants.

Plant Tissue Culture:
Plant tissue culture is a technique that involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in an artificial nutrient medium under controlled environmental conditions. It is based on the principle of totipotency, which is the ability of a single plant cell to regenerate into a whole plant. The basic steps involved in plant tissue culture are as follows:

1. Explant preparation: A small piece of plant tissue, such as a leaf, stem, root, or seed, is selected as the starting material or explant.

2. Surface sterilization: The explant is sterilized using chemical ___ ____ __________ _____ ______ ____ _________.
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