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Proton pumps are membrane-bound proteins that play a crucial role in the active transport of protons (H⁺ ions) across the plasma membrane against their electrochemical gradient. This process requires metabolic energy, usually derived from the hydrolysis of ATP, and is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, __________ ___ _________ __________ ___ ___ _______ ______ _______ ____ _________ __________.
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