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Minerals are essential inorganic nutrients required by aquatic animals in small but vital quantities for maintaining normal physiological functions, growth, reproduction, and overall health. Unlike terrestrial animals, aquatic organisms can absorb certain minerals directly from water through gills, skin, and digestive surfaces, in addition to dietary intake. Nevertheless, a balanced mineral supply through feed and water is necessary to prevent deficiencies and ensure optimal aquaculture production. Macrominerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride are required in relatively large amounts. Calcium plays a central role in the formation of bones, scales, shells, and exoskeletons, ____ _______ _____ _________ _______.
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