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Structures exposed to chemical environments require special consideration in design and construction because aggressive chemicals can significantly reduce durability, strength, and service life. Chemical attack may arise from industrial effluents, sewage, marine salts, acidic soils, sulphates, chlorides, or polluted atmosphere. The primary objective of design in such environments is to minimize the ingress of harmful agents, ensure material compatibility, and provide adequate protection to structural components. The selection of suitable materials is a fundamental recommendation. Cement used in concrete should be chosen based ________ ________ _______ ______ ____ _____ ________ ______ __________ ______.
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