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Neurulation in frogs is a critical early embryonic process that leads to the formation of the nervous system, particularly the brain and spinal cord, from the dorsal ectoderm. This process occurs after gastrulation and involves a series of well-coordinated morphogenetic movements that transform a flat sheet of ectodermal cells into a tubular structure known as the neural tube. The process begins with the formation of the neural plate, which is a thickened region of dorsal ectoderm situated above the notochord, a rod-like mesodermal structure that serves as a primary axial support. The induction of the neural plate is regulated by signaling molecules secreted from the underlying notochord _______ _______ ___ __________ ______ _______ ___ _____ _______ _________.
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