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The ozone layer is a fragile, protective layer of ozone (O₃) molecules located in the stratosphere, roughly 15 to 35 kilometers above Earth's surface. This layer plays a crucial role in absorbing the majority of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B and UV-C rays, which can be detrimental to living organisms. The depletion of the ozone layer has emerged as a significant environmental issue, driven largely by human activities that release ozone-depleting substances (ODS) into the atmosphere. These substances include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. Once released, these compounds slowly rise to the stratosphere, where ultraviolet radiation breaks them down, releasing chlorine and bromine atoms that catalytically destroy ozone molecules. A single chlorine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules, initiating a chain reaction that drastically reduces the ozone concentration. The discovery of the “ozone hole” over Antarctica in the mid-1980s highlighted the severity of this issue. Measurements revealed a seasonal thinning of the ozone layer, particularly during the Southern Hemisphere spring, caused by complex interactions between ODS, extreme cold temperatures, and polar stratospheric clouds. While the Antarctic ozone hole represents the most dramatic example, ozone depletion has also been observed at other latitudes, albeit at a slower rate. The reduction of ozone in the stratosphere leads to an increased _________ ________ ________ ______ _____ _____ __________ ______ ___ _________.
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