Describe the origins of the Khilafat movement and its relations with the Noncooperation Movement.

Khilafat movement, pan-Islamic force in India that arose in 1919 in an effort to salvage the Ottoman caliph as a symbol of unity among the Muslim community in India during the British raj. The movement was initially bolstered by Gandhi’s noncooperation movement but fell apart after the abolition of the caliphate in 1924. Fears of Muslim disunity were aroused by the decline of the Ottoman Empire—the preeminent Islamic power whose sultan, as caliph, was seen by pan-Islamists as the leader of the worldwide Muslim community. The caliphate was endangered first by Italian attacks (1911) and the Balkan Wars (1912–13) and later by the empire’s defeat in World War I (1914–18). Fears of the loss of the caliphate were intensified by the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920), which dismembered the empire, not only detaching all non-Turkish regions from the empire but also giving parts of the Turkish homeland to Greece and other non-Muslim powers.

A campaign in defense of the caliphate was launched, led in India by the brothers Shaukat and Muḥammad ʿAlī and by Abul Kalam Azad. The leaders joined forces with Mahatma Gandhi’s noncooperation movement for Indian freedom, promising nonviolence in return for his support of the Khilafat movement. In 1920 the latter movement was marred by the ḥijrat (Urdu: “exodus”; recalling Muhammad’s Hijrah from Mecca) from India to Afghanistan of about 18,000 Muslim peasants, who felt that India was an apostate land. It was also tarnished by the Muslim Malabar rebellion in south India in 1921, the excesses of which deeply stirred Hindu India. Gandhi’s suspension of his movement and his arrest in March 1922 weakened the Khilafat movement still further. It was further undermined when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk drove the Greeks from western Asia Minor in 1922 and deposed the Turkish __________ _____ ______ ___ _____ ____ ________.
____ _______ _______ _________ _________ _______ ____ ________.
______ _______ ______ ________ _________ _______.
____ ________ ______ ____ ___ ____ ________ ____ _________ ____.
______ ___ _______ ________ ____ ______ ________ _________ ______ _________ __________.
_____ _____ _______ ___ _____ _________ _______.
__________ _________ _____ ___ ________ _________ __________ ___ _________ _________.
______ ___ ________ __________ ___ ______ _____ ____ _______ _______ _____ _________.
_____ _____ ______ ____ _________ _____ ___ ____ ______ ____ __________ __________.
__________ ________ __________ _________ ________ _____ __________ ___.
______ _______ _____ ___ _________.
___ ________ ________ ___ _________ ______ _____ _________ _____ ___ _______.
__________ ___ ____ ________ _______ _________ __________.
_________ _____ __________ __________ ________ ______ _______ _____ _________ ___ ________.
_______ ______ ____ ___ _________.
___ __________ ____ ________ ____ ________ ________ _________ ___ _____ _________ ____.
___ _____ ________ _________ ____.
________ _____ ______ _______ __________ _________ __________ ______ ____.
___ ____ ________ ________ _______.
_____ ____ _________ ________ __________ _____.
______ ___ _______ __________ ______ ______.
_______ __________ __________ ___ __________ ____ ______ ________ ________ _____ _____.
________ ____ ______ _______ ______ _______ _____ ____ _________ _________ ________ ________.
_________ __________ __________ ________ ______.
__________ _____ _______ ________ _____ _______ ______ __________.
___ ________ __________ _____ ______ ______ ______ ____ __________ ____ ___ ______.
____ _____ __________ ______ ______ ________ ________ ___ ____ ______.
___ __________ ______ _______ ________ __________ ________ ______ ______ _____.
_________ _________ _______ ___ _____ ________ ____ _______ ___ ______ ___.
___ ____ _____ _______ _________ ___.
____ _____ _______ _________ ________ ______ ___ _______.
_______ _________ _____ ____ ____ _____ ______ ___ __________ __________ _________.
_________ ________ ________ ____ ________ ______ ____ __________.
_____ _____ _______ __________ ____.
______ ____ ______ ________ _________ _____ _________ _____ _________ ___ ________ ________.
____ ___ _____ _______ _____ _______ ________ _____.
_____ _________ ____ __________ _____ ______ _______ ________ ______ ________ ______.
________ _______ __________ ____ __________.
_____ __________ __________ ___ _______ ____ __________ ___ ________ _________.
_______ _____ ____ ______ _________ _______.
_____ __________ _____ ____ _________.
________ _________ ___ ___ ________ ________ ________ __________ ______ ___ _______ ______.
___ __________ _____ ______ ___ ____ _____ _______ ___ ______ ________.
________ ___ _____ _______ ____ ____ ________ _________ _______.
___ ______ ______ ________ _________ ____ _______ _____ ____.
_______ _______ __________ ________ ____ _____.
________ _________ ___ _______ _______ ____ __________ ________ __________ __________ ______.
____ ______ _________ _________ _______ __________ ____ ____ _________ _______.
__________ _______ ____ ________ __________ ________ ___ _______ ________ ______ _______.
______ ____ ______ _________ ______ ________ ___ ____ _________ ________ ________ _________.
___ ______ ______ ___ ____ ________ __________.
____ __________ _______ ______ ____ ___ ____ ___ __________ _______ _________ ________.
________ __________ __________ ____ ___ _____ ______ ________ ___.
__________ _____ ____ __________ ___.
_________ _____ __________ _________ ________ ________.
______ _______ __________ ___ ________ _____ ________ ___ _______ __________ ________ ___.
________ _________ ________ __________ _______ ______ _____ _______ ______.
_____ _______ ____ ______ _______ __________ _________ __________ _______ ___ ________.
________ __________ ______ ____ _____ ______ ______ _______ ________ ___ ____.
____ _________ ___ ________ __________ __________ _____ ___ _____ _________ ________.
___ ___ ____ ______ ________ _______ _______ _________ __________ _________ ___.
____ _________ ___ ____ ____ _____ _____.
__________ _______ ___ __________ __________ _____ ____.
_________ _______ ____ ______ ____.
___ _________ _____ _________ ___ _________ ______ __________.
___ __________ __________ _________ __________ ____ _______ _______ __________.
___ ___ ____ ________ _______ ________ _______ ________.
_____ _____ _________ _____ _______ ___ _____ _____ ______ ______ _______.
___ _________ __________ ____ ______ ___ __________.
_______ ________ ________ __________ _________ _____ ______ ____ __________ ___ ________ _______.
__________ _____ ___ __________ ______ _____ __________ ______.
___ ___ ___ _________ ______ ________ _____ _______ __________ __________ _____.
________ _______ _________ _______ _________ _____.
_____ ________ ____ ___ ___ ___ __________ ____ _______ _______ ______.
_________ _____ _________ ____ ___ _____ _____ ___ ________ ________ ___ _________.
________ _________ ___ __________ ________ ____ ___ _______ _____ ______ _______.
____ __________ _______ ______ _________ __________ ___ _________ _____ __________ __________.
_______ ___ ___ _______ ____ ___ _______.
_________ __________ ___ ___ ____ _______ ________ ________ ___ ______ ___.
_________ _______ _________ _____ ___ _____ ______ ______ _______ ____ _______ _______.
________ _______ ____ ______ _________ ______.
__________ __________ ____ ________ ___ _________ ____ ______ __________ _________.
________ ________ ______ _________ _______ __________.
_____ _______ ________ _______ ____ _______ ______.
______ ____ __________ ___ __________ ___ ____ _______ ______ ___ ________ ___.
_____ _________ __________ ________ ___ ____ ________ _________ _________ __________ _______ ______.
________ _____ ___ _______ ____.
_________ _________ _____ ________ ____ ___.
__________ _______ ____ _________ _____ _________ ____.
____ ___ _______ _________ ______ ______ ____.
_________ _______ ____ _____ ______ __________ __________ ___ _________ __________.
___ __________ __________ ___ ______ ____ ________ ___ _______.
____ _________ ___ ___ __________ ___ ______ __________ __________ ______ _________ __________.
________ ____ ____ __________ _________ ____ _____ _____ _________ ____ _______ _____.
_______ _____ ___ _________ ____ _________.
___ _________ _______ _________ ___ _____ ________ ___ ___ ____ ______ _________.
_______ ___ _________ ________ _____ ________ _______ ___ _________ _____.
__________ ______ ____ ______ ___ _________ ____ ____.
_______ _____ ___ _____ ____.
__________ ________ _________ ________ ____ _______ ___.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp