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Analyzing vulnerability to climate change involves understanding the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of social, economic, and ecological systems to climate-related hazards. Vulnerability assessment is a critical part of climate change adaptation planning, as it identifies which populations, regions, and sectors are most at risk and informs the development of effective mitigation strategies. Various methods have been developed to evaluate vulnerability, ranging from qualitative participatory approaches to quantitative modeling techniques, often integrated into broader climate change assessment tools. One of the foundational methods is the framework approach, which structures vulnerability assessment into three components: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Exposure refers to the degree to which a system experiences climatic stressors such as extreme temperatures, precipitation changes, or sea-level rise. Sensitivity indicates how affected a system is by these stressors, which can be influenced by ecological characteristics, socio-economic status, or infrastructure conditions. Adaptive capacity reflects the ability of a system to adjust to potential damage, take advantage of opportunities, or respond to consequences. By systematically analyzing these three dimensions, researchers can generate a comprehensive picture of vulnerability. Indicator-based assessments are widely used due to their ability to quantify vulnerability across spatial and temporal scales. In this method, ___ _______ _________ _________ __________ ______ _____ ___ ______.
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